The results of this study indicate that (1) the retrieval method, procedure method, and mental arithmetic method are the three main calculation methods of abacus arithmetic, each of them having some variations (2) experts tend to use the retrieval method, while novices tend to use the mental arithmetic method (3) the retrieval method and mental arithmetic method are applied more for simple operations and addition problems, while the procedure method is applied more for complicated operations and subtraction problems.Īshcraft, M. The experiment in the study invited 36 participants including 12 vocational high-school students as junior experts, 12 ordinary high-school students as novices, and 12 bank clerks as senior experts to validate the 3 × 3 × 2 experiment. This model describes three methods for solving abacus arithmetic problems: retrieval method, procedure method, and mental arithmetic method and three external factors that affect the choice of those methods: level of expertise, level of difficulty, and type of operation. Lantern festival, part of Chinese new yearĢ.Based on the literature review about abacus arithmetic, this study proposes a model of the cognitive process of Chinese abacus arithmetic. Vegetable dishes (mustard greens, mushrooms, shrimp, chicken liver, and so on) are a little juicy Snacks made from glutinous sticky rice, chopped meat, wrapped with bamboo leaves and steamed (tasty savory) Like to eat money (like to accept bribes or bribe) Man who guides passengers to bus or train for payment, broker Nuns in the temple who served to help the dead Pastor, minister, clergyman, priest, chaplainĬuisine made from a mixture of meat (shrimp) and vegetables (mushrooms, petai, broccoli, bamboo shoots, cauliflower), little broth and starch Pleasure-loving girl? noiseless voiceless silent Type of cooking style in which fish or meat is braised in soy sauceĪ pomegranate-shaped container from brass or lacquer See also loanword from Mandarin "hongbao". ![]() Perhaps related to " Dream of the Red Chamber" (紅樓夢, 红楼梦) Grains of red sticky rice (Oryza glutinosa), see also Monascus purpureus ( March 2022)Ĭooking wine used for food flavour enhancerįood coloring from rice fermentation by Monascus purpureus ![]() ![]() Almost all loanwords in Indonesian of Chinese origin come from Hokkien (福建) or Hakka (客家). Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include pisau (匕首 bǐshǒu – knife), mie ( T:麵, S:面, Hokkien mī – noodles), lumpia (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) – springroll), teko ( T:茶壺, S:茶壶 = cháhú, teh-ko = teapot), 苦力 kuli = 苦 khu (bitter) and 力 li (energy) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (or gue and lo) (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 你 – meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia (termed the peranakan) is almost 1% (totaling to about 3 million people, although this may likely be an underestimate due to an anti-Chinese sentiment that exists in some circles of the population), yet the peranakan are the most successful when it comes to business, trade, and cuisine. ![]() The Chinese loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just exclusively things Chinese. Main article: List of loanwords in Indonesian
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